2022 Introduction to Statistics in Research Mitchell 2nd ed

I N T R O T O R E S E A R C H : D A T A V I S U A L I Z A T I O N & C O M M O N S T A T T E S T S

k- related sample tests: compares measurements from more than two groups from the same sample or more than two measures from the subject or participants (ANOVA for interval or ratio measures, Friedman for ordinal measures, and Cochran Q for nominal measures).

Kurtosis: measures the data distribution's peakedness or flatness. Refers to the degree of presence of outliers in the distribution.

Likert scale: a variation of the summated rating scale and askes the participate to agree or disagree in a way that expresses favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward the object.

Linear association: Two variables are linearly associated if a change in one is associated with a like change in the other. The correlation coefficient measures the degree of linear association on a scale of -1 to +1.

Linear regression equation: an equation Y = a + b(X) where X is the explanatory variable and Y is the dependent variable. The slope is b, and a is the intercept (Quiz).

Longitudinal study: a study where individuals are followed over time, and compared effects and changes at different points in time. A good example is the effect of aging on some measured variable.

Margin of error: a measure of the uncertainty in an estimate of a parameter. The margin of error of an estimate is typically one or two times the estimated standard error of the estimate.

Mean: the sum of a list of numbers, divided by the number of items in the list. Use the average function in Excel.

Measurement Validity: According to Adams & McGuire (2022), measurement validity “is the exte nt to which the measures used in a study actually measure what they intend to measure” (p. 116).

Median: is the midpoint of a set of data values when you put them in order (either smallest to largest or largest to smallest). It always splits the data int o two equal halves. Outliers don’t have much impact on the median, but outliers can have a drastic effect on the mean.

Method of least squares: a procedure for finding a regression line that keeps errors (deviations from actual value to the line value) to a minimum.

Minimax strategy: relevant to game theory – a strategy to minimize loss, whatever the opposing strategy will choose.

Mixed methods : a mixing of quantitative and qualitative data within a single study. A way of utilizing data in a synergistic way.

Mode: for lists, the mode is the most common (frequent) value. A list can have more than one mode. For example, in a histogram, a mode is a relative maximum bump.

Multimodal distribution: a distribution with more than one mode. A histogram with a multimodal distribution has more than one bump.

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