2022 Introduction to Statistics in Research Mitchell 2nd ed

I N T R O T O R E S E A R C H : D A T A V I S U A L I Z A T I O N & C O M M O N S T A T T E S T S

Purposeful sampling: A purposeful sampling is a non-probability method. As you might recall, it is often the approach for qualitative studies. The main focus is to identify specific criteria to belong to the sample.

Qualitative research: interpretive techniques that seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency of certain phenomena. A plethora of techniques falls under qualitative research.

Qualitative Variable: one whose values are adjectives, such as colors, gender, nationalities.

Quantitative Variable: a variable that has a numerical value where it makes sense to use arithmetic. For example, arithmetic makes sense for counts and money, but not a social security number. It might be made up of numbers, but you would not add or subtract them. (Quiz)

Quartiles : each quartile is 25%. The first quartile is 25%, the second is 50% (also the median), the third quartile is 75% (see relevant term interquartile range (IQR).

Random Error: all measurements are subject to error. There are normally two types of error; 1) a bias or systematic error; and 2) a random error. Random errors are different each time a measurement is made. Random errors occur erratically, without a pattern.

Random Sample: a sample where members are chosen at random from a given population.

Range: the range is the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a distribution. The range is a single number, not a range of numbers.

Regression, Linear Regression : linear regression fits a line to a scatterplot in such a way as to minimize the sum of squares of the residuals.

Retrospective Observational Study: A retrospective study is backward-looking. For example, if a researcher studying criminal behavior identify and interview convicted prisoners who are three-time offenders about their childhood and past - this is an example of a retrospective observational study. Research method: the research method involves gathering rigorous and appropriate information on the research topic, precise understanding of the problem, the development of a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on facts and data collected. Researchmethodology : this indicates the scientific analysis of the research using a systematic way to solve a problem. It is a system of methods, used scientifically for solving the research problem. Essentially, the researcher outlines the procedures to include explaining and predicting phenomena. For understanding the research problem thoroughly, the researcher should know the research methodology along with methods (Thattamparmbil, 2020). Research question(s): From a business perspective, the hypothesis that best states the objective of the research; the answer to this question would provide the manager with the desired information necessary to decide concerning the issue.

Sample: a representative number of cases, participants, events, or records as presentation of the entire population.

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