2022 Introduction to Statistics in Research Mitchell 2nd ed

I N T R O T O R E S E A R C H : D A T A V I S U A L I Z A T I O N & C O M M O N S T A T T E S T S

really affect the mean, but they will have less impact on the median. Remember, this is just the beginning of the story.

Want to read more? (Backman, M. (2020, Feb. 18). Are You Well-Paid? Compare Your Income to the

Average. The Ascent (Motley-Fool Service). Retrieved from https://www.fool.com/the-ascent/research/average-us-income/

What is mode? To find the mode (or modal value), put the list in order. Then count how many of each number. A number that appears most often is the mode. It is possible to have more than one mode. Two modes is called "bimodal" and more than two is called "multimodal".

In Excel, there are several formulas for calculating mode. Let's look at our data again. You can see two 19's, two 5's, and two 1's. So this is data is considered multimodal.

Excel formula

=MODE.MULT(C2:C15)

This will show 19, 5, and 1

If you use just the single-mode formula

=mode(C2:C15)

Table 65: Crime Data at colleges (FAKEData)- Repeated for convenience.)

This will show you just the value 19.

Variability of Data

The variability of data is often shown graphically (showing spread or dispersion). The measures of variability include range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation.

What is range? You calculate the range by finding the difference between the largest and smallest values in a variable.

Range also tells researchers how well the central tendency represents the data. In the medical field, reviewing the range is an important tool, especially in diabetes. For example, every morning and every evening, a neighbor tests her blood glucose level. The range in the morning is 31 (107 min to 138 max) and the range in the evening is 77 (83 min and 160 max). By using these ranges and

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