Arete Volume 3 No 2 PDF of Arete

Αρετή (Arete) Journal of Excellence in Global Leadership | Volume 3, No. 2

variables. The results, presented in Table 6, support H2. Individual Success Factors (SFI) positively influence PGC (B=0.286, p=0.001), indicating that more substantial individual-level factors heighten perceptions of the glass ceiling. In contrast, organizational (SFO, B=−0.374, p<0.001) and sociocultural factors (SFSC, B=−0.313, p<0.001) negatively impact PGC, suggesting that well-developed organizational and sociocultural success factors reduce perceptions of glass ceiling barriers. The regression model is statistically significant (F=35.449, p<0.001), with an adjusted R 2 value of 0.159, indicating that the model explains 15.9% of the variance in PGC. The variance inflation factor (VIF) values are below 3, confirming no multicollinearity issues. These results underscore the differential impacts of success factors, with organizational factors emerging as the most influential predictor.

Table 6

PGC as the Dependent Variable, SFI, SFO, and SFSC as Independent Variables

PGC

Unstandardized Coefficients B

t

Sig.

Tolerance

VIF

(Constant)

4.655

19.74 0

0.000

SFI

0.286 -0.374 -0.313

3.212 0.001 0.420 -5.294 0.000 0.432 -5.082 0.000 0.533

2.382 2.317 1.876

SFO

SFSC

F

35.449***

Adjusted R²

0.159 2.047

Durbin-Watson

*** p< 0.001

H3: Those in leadership positions consider organizational factors more salient than individual or sociocultural ones for career women to break the glass ceiling. A subgroup analysis was conducted to examine leadership respondents (n=244) and assess their prioritization of success factors. As shown in Table 7, H3 is supported. For this group, individual success factors (SFI) are not significant (B=0.200, p=0.183), while both organizational (B=−0.348, p=0.001) and sociocultural factors (B=−0.328, p<0.001) remain substantial predictors of PGC. The adjusted R 2 for this model is 0.137, explaining 13.7% of the variance. These findings underscore the importance of systemic and structural factors in influencing leaders' perceptions of the glass ceiling. Organizational factors (SFO) consistently demonstrate the most substantial influence, reinforcing the view that institutional and workplace reforms are pivotal in mitigating career barriers for women.

Table 7

Leadership-position respondents ’ data (244) as the database

241